2.62 understand how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen

 Phagocytes: engulf and release digestive enzymes onto pathogens to remove them from the body
 Adaptations of phagocytes:
Sensitive cell surface membrane:
-has a sensitive cell surface membrane that detects chemicals produced by pathogen, allowing them to locate pathogens easily.
Digestive enzymes in cytoplasm:
-Once pathogen is engulfed, they can release digestive enzymes onto pathogen to digest and remove them from the body.
Irregular shaped nucleus:
-allows them to squeeze through gaps in capillary walls to move towards pathogens.
Process:
-phagocytes have sensitive cell surface membrane that detects pathogen.
-once they encounter pathogen, they will engulf it and release digestive enzymes.



Lymphocytes: produce antibodies that will deactivate antigens of pathogens and produce memory cells that stays in immune system.
Adaptations of lymphocytes:
Large nucleus:
-has a large nucleus that contains multiple copies of DNA so can produce antibodies in large amounts to prevent the spread of diseases and infections.
Process:
-When pathogen is detected, lymphocyte will split into 2 cells.
-one cell will produce antibodies that will deactivate antigens of pathogens
-other cell will be a memory cell that stays in the immune system if same pathogen is detected, same antibodies can be produced quicker and easier.