3.7 understand that plants can reproduce asexually by natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings)

Runners:
Cells split off from parent plant to grow runners (fast growing stems).
Runners take root and new plants start to grow.
The new plants are genetically identical to the parent plant (clones).

Cuttings:
Farmers take cuttings from plants and plant them to produce genetically identical clones.

3.6 understand how germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis

A developed seedling contains an embryo and a food store wrapped in hard seed coat.

When a seed starts to germinate, it gets glucose for respiration from its food store. This transfers the energy it needs to grow. During germination, absorption of water triggers production of plant hormones, stimulating Amylase synthesis. 

Amylase breaks food reserves of starch in cotyledon into glucose for aerobic respiration. 

This process continues until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis.

3.5 practical: investigate the conditions needed for seed germination

Conditions needed for germination: water, oxygen, suitable temperature.

Water: required for metabolical reactions to activate enzymes to break down food reserves of starch into glucose
Oxygen: needed for aerobic respiration before the plant can carry out photosynthesis
Suitable temperature: maintain an optimum temperature for enzymes

3.4 understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation

1. Pollen grain lands on a stigma of a flower via wind/insect.
2. Pollen tube grows out of pollen grain and down through style to ovary and to ovule.
3. Pollen grain travels down the pollen tube
4. Nucleus from male gamete (pollen) fuses with a female gamete (ova) in the ovule
5. Each fertilised female gamete forms a seed. The ovary develops into a fruit around the seed.

3.3 describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for pollination

Structure of a flower:














In summary:
A flower contains both male and female gametes. Stamen is the male reproductive part and Carpel is the female reproductive part.

Stamen: contains filaments and anthers.
Carpel: contains style, stigma, ovary.

Anther produces male gametes
Ovary contains female gametes


Pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Cross Pollination: when pollen is derived from another plant via insects or wind

Insect Pollinated Flower Adaptations:
1. Brightly coloured petals: attract insects
2. Sticky Stigma: insects can pass on pollen from other plants by sticking on it
3. Sticky Pollen grains: pollen can stick on insects as they go plant to plant.

Wind Pollinated Flower Adaptations:
1. Dull petals: it doesn't need to attract insects as they pollinate by wind.
2. Feathery stigma and long filament: catch pollen from other plants by wind
3. Small and light pollen grains: to be carried by the wind.